- Author(s):
- Organization(s):
Chiesi Farmaceutici Ebenbuild GmbH Open Source Image Consortium Politecnico di Milano Prior PLM Medical RWTH Aachen University SISSA—International School for Advanced Studies United States Military Academy Università di Pisa University of Auckland
The first Lung Modeling Congress was held in November 2023 to address the challenges related to lung modeling and creation of digital twins of the human respiratory system. This article, together with a previous article in Inhalation, presents a summary of the current state-of-the-art and future challenges in various research areas and was written by the major experts who attended the Congress.
In this second article, the first section considers inhaler devices. The design and optimization of such devices can benefit from the same coupled CFD-DEM techniques previously described to model and simulate the human respiratory system. The second section describes methodologies to characterize airflow behavior in the lungs, as well as aerosol transport and deposition. In vitro methods will be reviewed and in vivo imaging in patients will be discussed. Examples of machine learning will be presented. The last section is devoted to in vivo and ex vivo methods applied to animal models, which should be studied for several reasons.